Therapeutic Potential of Vanillylacetone in Ameliorating CCl4-Induced Cardiotoxicity by targeting TNF-α/ NF-κB/TGF-β1 Pathways: Evidence from Biochemical, Histopathological, and Computational Analyses

does to the heart muscle cells. Therefore, with the findings of the results and histopathological examination, we can conclude that the treatment with vanillylacetone demonstrated a strong therapeutic effect, leading to the normalization of all serum enzyme indicators, antioxidant enzymes, and cytokines. Computational analysis indicates high binding with cardioprotective pathway components responsible for oxidative stress and inflammatory modulation, such as the TGF-β1/Smad pathway (-4.59 kcal/mol) and the NF-κB signaling pathway (-5.67 kcal/mol). These interactions suggest that vanillylacetone directly modulates cardiac damage and repair processes by multifactorial means, involving both intrinsic antioxidant scavenging and pathway modulation.