Detection of Pediatric Dental Caries in Panoramic Radiograph Using Deep Learning: A Benchmark Study on MD-OPG

Early detection of dental caries in children is critical to prevent irreversible tooth damage and guarantee optimal oral health outcomes. However, interpreting pediatric panoramic radiographs throughout the mixed dentition stage remains a very challenging task due to overlap in anatomical structures and developmental variability. This complexity underscores the need for well curated, representative datasets that enable the development of reliable computer-aided diagnostic models. Herein, this study introduces the Mixed Dentition Orthopantomogram Dataset, a newly developed, publicly available dataset of children that was carefully labeled by dental specialists to identify proximal and occlusal caries regions in the range of 3-12 years. To evaluate the dataset's applicability for artificial intelligence research, we benchmarked it using both classification and segmentation models. A patch-based classifier achieved an average AUC of 0.89 and Recall 0.85 in distinguishing healthy and carious regions. For segmentation, we evaluated U-Net and Attention U-Net with multiple loss functions, and the Attention U-Net trained with Focal loss achieved the best Dice score of 0.94. Collectively, these findings support the dataset's utility for pediatric caries analysis and demonstrate the viability of deep learning approaches for mixed dentition panoramic imaging.