<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi math

So far a major source of uncertainty in the study of heavy-ion collisions arises from the early time dynamics which includes initial state and preequilibrium dynamics. The state-of-the-art framework, KøMPøST [Kurkela ; Kurkela ], employs nonequilibrium Green’s functions to propagate the initial energy-momentum tensor to the hydrodynamic phase, yet currently only treats transverse plane dynamics under boost-invariant conditions. In this work, we extend KøMPøST to include nonboost-invariant responses to initial conditions, essential for accurately capturing the longitudinal structures observed in heavy-ion collisions. Nonboost-invariant fluctuations on top of a homogeneous background are evolved using <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mn>3</a:mn> <a:mo>+</a:mo> <a:mn>1</a:mn> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:mi mathvariant="normal">D</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:math> response functions calculated in kinetic theory. To assess kinetic theory’s transition towards hydrodynamic evolution, we systematically compare the out-of-equilibrium shear-stress tensor from KøMPøST-3D with estimates based on Navier-Stokes hydrodynamics. Subsequently, a comprehensive <f:math xmlns:f="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <f:mrow> <f:mo stretchy="false">(</f:mo> <f:mn>3</f:mn> <f:mo>+</f:mo> <f:mn>1</f:mn> <f:mo stretchy="false">)</f:mo> <f:mi mathvariant="normal">D</f:mi> </f:mrow> </f:math> framework, cipper + KøMPøST-3D + CLVisc + SMASH, is utilized to simulate the complete spacetime evolution of heavy-ion collisions. The sensitivity of key observables, including longitudinal structure of anisotropic flow, to variations in the hydrodynamic initialization time is thoroughly investigated.

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Publication Details

Journal
Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
Published
2026-04-17
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1103/hpzj-xx3h
Primary Topic
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Type
article
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article

<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi math

Anonymous
Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
article

<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi math

Anonymous
article en

Abstract

So far a major source of uncertainty in the study of heavy-ion collisions arises from the early time dynamics which includes initial state and preequilibrium dynamics. The state-of-the-art framework, KøMPøST [Kurkela ; Kurkela ], employs nonequilibrium Green’s functions to propagate the initial energy-momentum tensor to the hydrodynamic phase, yet currently only treats transverse plane dynamics under boost-invariant conditions. In this work, we extend KøMPøST to include nonboost-invariant responses to initial conditions, essential for accurately capturing the longitudinal structures observed in heavy-ion collisions. Nonboost-invariant fluctuations on top of a homogeneous background are evolved using <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mn>3</a:mn> <a:mo>+</a:mo> <a:mn>1</a:mn> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:mi mathvariant="normal">D</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:math> response functions calculated in kinetic theory. To assess kinetic theory’s transition towards hydrodynamic evolution, we systematically compare the out-of-equilibrium shear-stress tensor from KøMPøST-3D with estimates based on Navier-Stokes hydrodynamics. Subsequently, a comprehensive <f:math xmlns:f="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <f:mrow> <f:mo stretchy="false">(</f:mo> <f:mn>3</f:mn> <f:mo>+</f:mo> <f:mn>1</f:mn> <f:mo stretchy="false">)</f:mo> <f:mi mathvariant="normal">D</f:mi> </f:mrow> </f:math> framework, cipper + KøMPøST-3D + CLVisc + SMASH, is utilized to simulate the complete spacetime evolution of heavy-ion collisions. The sensitivity of key observables, including longitudinal structure of anisotropic flow, to variations in the hydrodynamic initialization time is thoroughly investigated.

Physical review. D/Physical review. D.Vol. 113(9)
University of Science and Technology of China (CN), University of Helsinki (FI), Bielefeld University (DE), Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI), Hefei University (CN), Central China Normal University (CN), University of Jyväskylä (FI)
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High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
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