Impact of Monofloral Pollen Diets on the Development of Hypopharyngeal Glands and Modulation of Enzymatic, Non-Enzymatic, and Ionic Biomarker Activities in Selected Fat Body Segments and Hemolymph of Apis mellifera Workers

had higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, while the effects of hazel and pine pollen were less pronounced. These findings suggest that even limited pollen supplementation can positively shape the morphological and biochemical physiology of worker bees. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing strategies to support bee health under increasing environmental pressures and changing floral availability.