A Comparative Analysis of “Missing Middle” Housing Reforms in North Carolina’s Triangle Region

This study examines the implementation and outcomes of missing middle housing reforms in Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Using interviews with municipal planners and developers, along with analysis of housing production data, the research identifies key factors that influence the success of these policies. Findings indicate that reforms are most effective when they legalize housing types familiar to local builders, maintain consistent and predictable development standards, and are supported by a capable development ecosystem. Uptake is further enhanced through iterative policy adjustments that address permitting, financing, and regulatory barriers. While missing middle housing can increase infill development and diversify housing options, it does not automatically produce affordability for lower-income households or change metro level housing supply. The results suggest that careful attention to design, scale, scope, and implementation processes is critical for maximizing the impact of missing middle housing reforms.