Investigating coastal dune erosion dynamics along a links golf course in Scotland using high-resolution UAV imagery

Coastal dune systems are dynamic environments that provide vital natural protection against storm surges and sea level rise, yet many are experiencing accelerated erosion under growing climatic and anthropogenic pressures. This study assesses recent morphological changes in a small coastal dune system at Lundin Links, Scotland, using high-resolution UAV LiDAR and UAV SfM photogrammetry datasets. The survey employed RTK-enabled drone platforms and generated precise terrain models supported by ground control points. A comparative analysis of datasets reveals strong geometric consistency between two datasets. Given its lower cost and simplicity, photogrammetry proves sufficient for capturing small-scale dune dynamics in open coastal environments. Multitemporal digital elevation models derived from UAV and historical LiDAR data, volumetric and spatial analyses show a shift from initial localized accretion to widespread erosion, with an acceleration in sediment loss after 2020. Change detection highlights crest lowering and landward retreat, raising concerns about future exposure in areas adjacent to golf course fairways. These changes align with national coastal change trends and is likely exacerbated by recent extreme weather events. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of UAV SfM and support more frequent, accessible monitoring approaches to inform adaptive management under increasing climatic risk.