Toxoplasma gondii GRA12 Inhibits the NF-ΚB Signaling Pathway by Targeting P65 and the IKK Complex

BACKGROUND: . METHODS: GRA proteins that regulate the NF-κB pathway. RESULTS: We demonstrate that GRA12, a specific GRA protein, significantly inhibits NF-κB promoter activity and the transcriptional expression of key cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-β. Western blot analysis further revealed that GRA12 suppresses the activation of the IKK complex and p65. Moreover, GRA12 prevents the nuclear translocation of p65. CONCLUSIONS: dissemination and infection.