AI-supported statistical analysis of livestock biodiversity trends in Türkiye using ecological diversity indices (1991-2024)

Objective: This study investigates long-term trends (1991–2024) in the population dynamics of 13 major livestock species in Türkiye by examining changes in species abundance, breed composition and biodiversity structure, with emphasis on the impacts of intensive breeding practices on local genetic resources.Material and Methods: Annual livestock statistics from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) were used to analyse species and breed trends. Biodiversity was assessed using ecological indices including Shannon, Simpson, Pielou’s Evenness, Berger–Parker and Margalef. Multivariate analyses (PCA and hierarchical clustering) and visualizations (heat maps, radar charts and dendrograms) were conducted in Python 3.11. Data were normalized to ensure comparability among species.Results: Commercial cattle and broiler chicken populations increased markedly, whereas native sheep and goat breeds declined. Biodiversity indices showed reductions in species richness and evenness after 2000. Bray–Curtis analyses revealed significant differences in species composition across five-year periods (F = 8.06, p