Electrofuels for Road, Rail, Maritime, and Aviation Sectors: Assessing the Potential Challenges and Opportunities for Decarbonization

hydrogenation selectivity exceeding 80% for e-kerosene synthesis. Life cycle assessments indicate emission reductions of 75-90% relative to fossil-fuel counterparts, contingent on fully renewable energy inputs. Economic modeling projects cost parity trajectories toward €1.5-3.0/L by 2030, driven by renewable energy scale-up and learning-curve effects in electrolyzer and synthesis technologies. Policy analysis highlights the necessity of carbon pricing mechanisms, renewable fuel mandates, and targeted R&D funding to derisk investment and accelerate market formation. Finally, we explain critical research gaps in large-scale system integration, sustainable carbon sourcing, and life cycle sustainability assessment methodologies. By addressing these multidimensional challenges, e-fuels can transition from niche demonstration to commercially viable bridge technologies on the path to fully sustainable transport ecosystems.