Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of shikimic acid in broilers: An indirect effect modeling approach

), strongly suggesting that SA may exert its antioxidant effects via indirect mechanisms rather than acting primarily as a direct scavenger. In conclusion, SA exhibits favorable absorption characteristics and moderate oral bioavailability in broilers, with an antioxidant profile characterized by indirect regulation, likely involving the activation of endogenous signaling pathways for sustained protection. This study provides an important scientific basis for the precision dosing of SA in poultry and the development of plant-derived anti-stress additives.