Mechanism of action of dual feedback factors on assembly knowledge transfer efficiency of energy storage devices

Virtual assembly training is an important method for skill development, and its training effectiveness is closely related to the design of feedback mechanisms. However, existing research lacks systematic investigation into the synergistic mechanisms of positive feedback and negative feedback and their long-term impact on knowledge transfer. Via stratified random assignment, participants were divided into a positive feedback group, a negative feedback group, a mixed feedback group, and a no-feedback control group. All participants completed the VR test in a virtual assembly system integrating visual, auditory, and haptic multimodal feedback, followed by an immediate test and a 10-day post test in a physical environment. The results showed that the mixed feedback group, which combined both positive and negative feedback, achieved the shortest assembly time and the smallest increase in error counts in the post test, demonstrating a superior balance between knowledge transfer efficiency and cognitive load management. This study provides effective insights for the design of feedback mechanisms in industrial virtual training systems. • Haptic gloves in VR assembly reduce hand-operation discrepancy between virtual and real worlds. • Independent or synergistic effects of positive and negative feedback differ on knowledge transfer and task load. • Groups incorporating Mixed Feedback demonstrate superior performance in long-term knowledge transfer.