Assessment of radiological health effects of radon and toxic heavy metal concentrations in imported coffee samples consumed in Iraqi Kurdistan region, Iraq

Radon and toxic heavy metals in food products can create serious issues to consumer health. The levels of specific heavy metals and radon in imported coffee samples that were consumed in the Iraqi Kurdistan region were evaluated in this study. Samples were located and gathered from major markets and analyzed by CR-39 nuclear track detector and electronic radon detector RAD7. The measured radon activity concentrations by CR-39 ranged from 15.5 ± 4.96 to 48.4 ± 15.49 Bq/m3 and from 15.6 ± 4.99 to 44.5 ± 14.24 Bq/m3 by RAD7. The effective radium content in coffee samples varied from 0.15 ± 0.05 Bq/kg to 0.47 ± 0.15 Bq/kg. Correspondingly, the annual effective dose due to ingestion was calculated to be between 197.1 ± 63.07 nSv/y and 617.58 ± 197.63 nSv/y. Both parameters remained well below the internationally recommended safety limits. Concentration of toxic metal in coffee samples Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Potassium, Copper, Calcium and Sodium were ranged from ND to 45 mg/kg while the heavy metal levels did not exceed regional or international food safety standards, prolonged consumption of these coffee samples could contribute to cumulative heavy metal exposure. The study highlights the need for regular monitoring to ensure food safety and protect public health in the region.