Osmotic Pressure–Driven Lipid Nanoparticles Enable Potent Cytosolic Delivery of Nucleic Acids

-induced osmotic stress directly mediates endosomal destabilization, providing a distinct physical route to overcome a long-standing biological barrier. SLNPs exhibit low systemic toxicity, robust immune responses, and compatibility with multiple LNP formulations and nucleic acid cargos. This conceptually new yet practical approach addresses a central limitation in nucleic acid delivery, offering a scalable and translationally relevant strategy for next-generation RNA and gene-based medicines.