Spatial transcriptomics identifies fibroblast–T cell crosstalk as a driver of Th2 polarization in allergic rhinitis

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic nasal mucosal inflammatory disorder driven by type 2 immunity, but the spatial stromal-immune cell interactions underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. Methods: fibroblasts, qRT-PCR validation, ligand-receptor modeling (CellPhoneDB/NicheNet), and multimodal integration of spatial, transcriptional, and clinical data. Results: < 0.001). Conclusions: AR is defined by expanded fibroblast niches, fibroblast-derived type 2 mediators, and ligand-receptor-dependent fibroblast-Th2 crosstalk-a central pathogenic driver and potential therapeutic target.