Key influencing factors of generation Z’s residential energy behaviour: Insights from a gamified investigation for the energy transition

Residential energy behaviour has become a vital branch within building energy efficiency research. Most existing studies focus on quantitative methods to examine energy-saving simulations and potential from a technological perspective. However, understanding the factors shaping users’ residential energy behaviour and their decisions to adopt/ not adopt technologies is crucial. Otherwise, cutting-edge technologies are failing to deliver their full potential as scientists had anticipated. As a key generation for future energy consumption and transition, Generation Z remains underexplored regarding its potential role in the intersection of global climate action or in accelerating behavioural change. This article investigates the characteristics and key influencing factors shaping Generation Z’s residential energy behaviour and engagement in building retrofits. An innovative gamification-based investigation method distinguishes this study from previous research employing traditional quantitative questionnaires. This method helps to adapt to the characteristics and needs of Generation Z, improving survey participation and quality. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach to analyse key factors influencing Generation Z’s residential energy behaviour across four dimensions: sociodemographic, individual, psychological and situation factors. Research obtained a total of 282 valid responses. Based on the findings, four behavioural potential levers tailored to Gen Z are proposed: (1) enhancing the visibility and readability of energy information; (2) providing tiered behaviour guidance strategies; (3) conducting scenario-based energy-saving education and activities; and (4) developing user-centred digital tools and incentive mechanisms. This research offers insights for future energy-saving strategies and technology deployment targeting younger users, responding to global climate action strategies for youth engagement.