Ligilactobacillus salivarius 8-2 attenuates intestinal mucosal injury in chicks via the mitochondrial fision-glycometabolism reprogramming axis

cells in the L. sa. 8-2 supernatant pretreatment group, suggesting the activation of rISCs. Additionally, compared with the injured groups, L. sa. 8-2 supernatant preserved mitochondrial morphology and upregulated the fission-related protein FIS1. At both the mRNA and protein levels, L. sa. 8-2 supernatant upregulated the pyruvate metabolism-related enzyme LDHA and LDHB, while decreasing mRNA levels of Sdha (an oxidative phosphorylation-related enzyme), suggesting a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis and an enhancement of pyruvate utilization. Taken together, L. sa. 8-2 alleviates intestinal mucosal injury and promotes epithelial renewal by activating ISCs, which is mediated by promoting mitochondrial fission and subsequent enhancement of pyruvate utilization in the intestinal crypt.