Waste as economic resource: unlocking the opportunities for sustainable development in Ghana

Globally, waste is undergoing a paradigm shift from being an unwanted by-product to an economic resource capable of driving sustainable development. However, in many developing countries, waste remains largely underutilized, posing both environmental and economic challenges. Guided by ideas from circular economy and sustainable livelihoods frameworks, this paper examines how waste can be transformed into an economic resource in Ghana - a perspective that positions waste reuse, recycling and recovery as viable avenues for green job creation, income generation and environmental sustainability. A total of 20 respondents were purposively sampled from private sector institutions and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), alongside key informants from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ministry of Sanitation, Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, and Ministry of Energy. Findings reveal substantial opportunities for private investment in recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy initiatives, supported by Ghana’s favourable waste composition. However, barriers such as limited access to finance and technology, weak policy enforcement, and low demand for green products hinder effective private sector participation. The study recommends innovative financing mechanisms, stronger institutional coordination, and public–private partnerships to link waste valorisation with job creation, energy diversification, and environmental protection.