Exploring the Distinct Roles of Existential Loneliness, Existential Isolation, and General Loneliness in Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults

Research on loneliness and depressive symptoms in older adults often emphasizes general loneliness or its social and emotional dimensions. However, the roles of existential loneliness (EL) and existential isolation (EI) in predicting depressive symptoms remain largely unclear. This study examines the interrelationships among EL, EI, and general loneliness, and compares their effects on depressive symptoms in older adults. By doing so, it aims to contribute to the conceptual distinction between these forms of loneliness/isolation and to better understand how EL and EI contribute to depressive symptoms. Results showed that EL had a strong positive correlation with general loneliness, while EI had moderate positive relationships with both EL and general loneliness in older adults. Regression analysis indicated that both EL and general loneliness significantly predicted depressive symptoms, with EL demonstrating the strongest predictive capacity. EI did not significantly predict depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that EL, general loneliness, and EI are related but distinct constructs, and that especially EL and general loneliness may be independent antecedents for depressive symptoms. Interventions specifically targeting EL may offer a promising approach to supporting older adults’ mental health. Still, future studies are needed to test the results of this study.