Lactobacillus salivarius GZPH2 reshapes hepatopancreatic microbiome structure and enhances immunometabolism in Litopenaeus vannamei under farm conditions

Introduction: plays a central role in digestion, metabolism, mineral homeostasis, and immune defense; however, its strain-specific responsiveness to probiotics remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to elucidate the comparative effects of a single-strain probiotic (Lactobacillus salivarius GZPH2; HH) and a mixed-strain consortium (EM; TH) on hepatopancreatic function under tropical semi-intensive culture conditions. Methods: An integrated multi-omics approach, combining histology, mineral profiling, 16S/18S rRNA sequencing, and 4D data-independent acquisition (4D-DIA) proteomics, was applied to evaluate probiotic-induced changes after 90 days of feeding, with a non-supplemented group (WH) as control. Results: , and preferentially enriched proteolytic enzymes and redox-related pathways. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that the single-strain probiotic GZPH2 induced a more regenerative, metabolically efficient, and immunologically robust hepatopancreatic state than the mixed consortium. These findings provide multi-omics evidence supporting strain-specific probiotic selection as a precision strategy to enhance shrimp health and sustainability in aquaculture.