The Particularity of the Warm Rain in Catalonia

Warm rain events occur when moist air masses containing elevated precipitable water produce high rainfall rates capable of generating local flash floods. Catalonia, located on the northeastern Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, is regularly affected by such episodes: approximately 70% of daily precipitation events exceeding 10 mm with fewer than ten cloud-to-ground lightning flashes can be classified as warm rain. The current research aimed to identify the meteorological conditions most conducive to heavy warm rain episodes in Catalonia. These cases are commonly associated with flash flood episodes in the study region. We utilized rain gauges, lightning data, radar, and model fields, combined with radio sounding profiles. First, we identified and characterized warm rain cases, and second, we have selected some relevant cases to characterize the phenomenon. These events occur predominantly along the Catalan coast during the warm season, typically following the passage of a cold front, and are associated with shallow convective clouds producing little or no lightning. However, the key determining factor is a characteristic vertical thermodynamic profile: a moist and saturated lower troposphere with high precipitable water beneath a low- to mid-level thermal inversion, and weak instability concentrated near the surface. Furthermore, local wind convergence plays a principal role in the rainfall pattern.