Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Among Adults Aged 40 Years and Older

: MGD appears to be commonly detected in adults aged ≥40 years; however, prevalence estimates vary markedly depending on diagnostic criteria and study design. Given the extreme heterogeneity, pooled prevalence estimates should be interpreted with caution and not as a single global prevalence value. Standardized diagnostic definitions and population-based studies using harmonized methodologies are needed to generate more comparable and clinically interpretable estimates of MGD burden.