A Comprehensive Review of the Genetic Etiology and Management of Orofacial Clefts

ABSTRACT Cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP), collectively referred to as orofacial clefts (OFCs), are among the most common birth defects and can have significant effects on speech, nutrition, and physical and psychosocial development. Manifestation, classification, and treatment plans of OFCs are diverse and not standardized. Recent technological advancements and genetic testing have enabled researchers to propose relationships between certain genes and the development of OFCs. Potential genetic precursors for OFCs have been found to be numerous and diverse. Treatment strategies are also numerous and vary greatly between individuals. In this review article, we summarize the most commonly discussed genetic factors in the literature, variation in classification, and advances in management.