Examining the Effects of Large Transport Projects on Local Economic Development and Land uses: The case of the Southern Sector of the Athens Metropolitan Area

Introduction While a substantial body of literature explores the relationship between transport infrastructure and urban development, empirical evidence combining macro- and micro-scale impacts in Southern European metropolitan contexts remains limited. This study addresses this gap by investigating the effects associated with the opening of new metro stations (Line 2) on local economic development and land-use change in the southern sector of the Athens Metropolitan Area. Methods Employing a multi-scale approach combining macro-level statistical analysis and micro-scale geospatial analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, the study evaluates changes in employment, car ownership, objective property values, and economic activities (reflected as land uses) before and after the construction of the new stations (2011-2021). Results The results indicate a statistically significant increase in total employment and employment in the accommodation and catering sector, alongside an increase in the share of carless households. Objective property values and economic activities exhibited notable growth near metro stations, with spatial variation, pointing to local economic revitalisation but also emerging risks of gentrification. Discussion The findings underscore the contradictory role of rail-based transport infrastructure as both a catalyst for local economic growth and a driver for societal challenges in Southern European metropolises. This outcome underlines the need for accompanying policy measures to ensure socially equitable and sustainable urban development. More specifically, economic and spatial strategies should include measures to support local businesses, promote sustainable mobility, and regulate property values. Conclusion This research contributes to the broader discourse on the interrelation between transport infrastructure and urban development in evolving metropolitan contexts. The findings may be beneficial to policymakers, transport providers, and local communities. Finally, the research methodology could be applied to other similar metropolitan contexts.