Impact of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on 28-Day ICU Mortality in Sepsis Patients: A Retrospective Study with Propensity Score Matching

< 0.001), whereas daily dose and dosing frequency showed no significant association. The results after PSM and subgroup analysis were consistent with those of the original cohort study, further confirming the robustness of the results. Overall, vitamin D3 supplementation is associated with lower 28-day ICU mortality and better outcomes in patients with sepsis. However, given the retrospective observational design, large-scale prospective randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these observational associations and establish causal effects.