Investigating the Factors of Waste Generation in Modular Construction Projects: A Developing-Country Context

The construction industry is a significant source of waste generation in any economy. The advancement in construction technologies and methods has brought about the concept of modular construction. Modular construction is considered as a preferred construction method over conventional construction methods mainly due to improved environmental performance and less waste generation. Nonetheless, processes involved in the use of modular construction generate a significant amount of waste though minimal as compared to the traditional mode of construction. Therefore, it is imperative to perform a comprehensive assessment of the factors that lead to waste generation in modular construction. This study aims to identify these factors as outlined in the existing literature and highlight their implications on the benefits of modular construction with an interest in the context of developing countries. A quantitative study was conducted to assess the views of construction professionals on identified factors that lead to waste generation in modular construction. The study targeted construction professionals with major emphasis on professionals with direct roles in the modular construction process. Fifteen factors were identified from the previous literature which were tested to evaluate their significance using the one-sample t-test. All factors proved significant and as such a principal component analysis was carried out to group the factors, evaluate the factor loadings and correlation patterns among the factors. The results specified “Non-conformance to building codes leading to demolition or rework”, “Incorrect assembly leading to module rework or disposal” and “Breakage or deformation of modules in transit” as the top three factors that lead to waste generation in modular construction. The findings of the study are useful to construction stakeholders by developing strategies to mitigate waste generation in modular construction. This study adds to the body of knowledge on modular construction, particularly in a developing-country context where modular construction projects are fewer.