Injectable grafts for hard tissue engineering: current trends and future perspectives

OBJECTIVE: Injectable bone grafts have emerged as a promising solution for bone tissue regeneration due to their minimally invasive nature and ability to conform to complex anatomical defects. Recent advancements in materials, formulations, and techniques have enhanced their efficacy and versatility. SIGNIFICANCE OF REVIEW: This review article focuses on the latest developments in injectable bone graft technologies, their clinical applications, and challenges associated with their use. The review systematically examines recent studies, and innovations in the field of injectable bone grafts. Key areas explored include material development, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and methods for optimizing bone regeneration. Recent advancements highlight the development of novel biomaterials, such as calcium phosphate composites, hydrogels, and biodegradable polymers, which have improved cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Advances in 3D printing and nanotechnology have further enhanced the precision and performance of injectable bone grafts. Additionally, the incorporation of growth factors, stem cells, and antimicrobial agents has demonstrated improved healing outcomes and reduced risks of infection. KEY FINDINGS: Injectable grafts offer a minimally invasive and adaptable approach for hard tissue regeneration, enabling efficient delivery of cells and bioactive agents. Advances in biomaterials have improved their performance, yet challenges such as limited mechanical strength, regulatory barriers, and scalability remain. Future innovations may enhance their clinical translation and broaden therapeutic applications. CONCLUSION: Recent advancements in injectable bone grafts have enhanced their applicability in bone tissue regeneration. Continued research and innovation are crucial to overcome current limitations and further expand their clinical utility in complex bone repair and reconstruction procedures.