High‐Performance Noble‐Metal‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by MoO _X /Cr/Al Multilayer Electrodes

ABSTRACT Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising candidates for next‐generation photovoltaics thanks to their high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and cost‐effective fabrication processes. However, reliance on noble metal electrodes, such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag), significantly increases overall device cost. This work demonstrates high‐performance PSCs with noble‐metal‐free multilayer electrodes comprising molybdenum oxide (MoO X ), chromium (Cr), and aluminum (Al). These PSCs achieve a PCE of 25.6%, which is competitive with that of Au‐based devices (26.3%). Furthermore, a mini‐module with an aperture area of 25.5 cm 2 shows a PCE of 21.3%, which indicates the scalability of the proposed electrode architecture to large‐area devices. Systematic investigation of each layer shows that the MoO X layer functions as an effective diffusion barrier that suppresses metal‐ion migration. The intermediate Cr layer enhances interfacial adhesion and reduces series resistance. In addition, the MoO X /Cr/Al multilayer electrode exhibits significantly higher resistance to external scratching than Au electrodes, which demonstrates improved mechanical durability. These results show that MoO X /Cr/Al multilayer electrodes provide a practical alternative to noble metals and substantially enhance the cost competitiveness of PSCs.