Mediterranean Parallels of a Psamtek Egyptian Scarab from El Toro Necropolis (Alcubillas, Ciudad Real, Spain)

This paper presents the study of a scarab found in the Necropolis of El Toro, located in the interior of Iberia. The scarab tomb is described, followed by a detailed morphological, typological, archaeometric (SEM-EDX analysis), and chronological analysis of the amulet, including absolute dating. The archeometallurgical analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of the metal pieces of the trousseau is also included. The piece shows signs of having been in contact with fire, is greenish-blue in colour and can be attributed to the early reigns of the 26 th Dynasty. On the base there is an inscription of five Egyptian hieroglyphic characters inserted in a cartouche adapted to the shape of the amulet. Its inscription makes it possible to read the anthroponym p-s-m-ṯ-k , compatible with similar specimens found in Egypt and in the Mediterranean in the seventh and sixth centuries BC.

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Publication Details

Journal
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Published
2026-04-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1177/03075133261434596
Primary Topic
Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
Type
article
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article

Mediterranean Parallels of a Psamtek Egyptian Scarab from El Toro Necropolis (Alcubillas, Ciudad Real, Spain)

Pilar Mata Tutor, José Luis Fuentes Sánchez, Francisca Velázquez Brieva, Manuel María Blanco Domínguez et al.
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
article

Mediterranean Parallels of a Psamtek Egyptian Scarab from El Toro Necropolis (Alcubillas, Ciudad Real, Spain)

Pilar Mata Tutor, José Luis Fuentes Sánchez, Francisca Velázquez Brieva, Manuel María Blanco Domínguez, Ignacio Montero Ruíz, María Benito Sánchez, María Cruz Medina Sánchez, Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich, Victoria Peña Romo, Bárbara Martín Gómez, María José López Grande, Alexandra Muñoz García
article en

Abstract

This paper presents the study of a scarab found in the Necropolis of El Toro, located in the interior of Iberia. The scarab tomb is described, followed by a detailed morphological, typological, archaeometric (SEM-EDX analysis), and chronological analysis of the amulet, including absolute dating. The archeometallurgical analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of the metal pieces of the trousseau is also included. The piece shows signs of having been in contact with fire, is greenish-blue in colour and can be attributed to the early reigns of the 26 th Dynasty. On the base there is an inscription of five Egyptian hieroglyphic characters inserted in a cartouche adapted to the shape of the amulet. Its inscription makes it possible to read the anthroponym p-s-m-ṯ-k , compatible with similar specimens found in Egypt and in the Mediterranean in the seventh and sixth centuries BC.

The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (ZA), Instituto de Arqueología-Mérida (ES), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES), Universidad Pontificia Comillas (ES)
Openalex Percentile: Top 13%
Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
DOISourceOpenAlex
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Mediterranean Parallels of a Psamtek Egyptian Scarab from El Toro Necropolis (Alcubillas, Ciudad Real, Spain) — Pilar Mata Tutor, José Luis Fuentes Sánchez, et al. · The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS