Aqueous and methanol extracts of Paullinia pinnata improve MSUc uptake in macrophages and in vitro antioxidant effects

: 21.82 µg/mL for AEPP and 18.22 µg/mL for MEPP). MEPP contained higher concentrations of flavonoids and polyphenols than AEPP. In peritoneal macrophages, both AEPP and MEPP increased cell viability (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), inhibited LDH release (P < 0.001), enhanced MSU uptake (P < 0.001), suppressed nitric oxide production (P < 0.001), and elevated SOD activity (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01), but had no significant effect on GSH levels. AEPP and MEPP exhibit in vitro antioxidant activity and enhance MSU uptake by macrophages, suggesting their potential use as adjuvant agents in the management of gout.