Mechanically reinforced and bioactive core–shell nanofibrous membranes loaded with astragaloside IV for guided bone regeneration

) and the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), as well as maximizing extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Collectively, this study presents a dual-functional GBR membrane that combines enhanced mechanical handling properties and demonstrates bioactivity associated with AS incorporation, offering a promising strategy for repairing critical-sized bone defects.