Whey Demineralization: Selective Lactose Concentration by Using Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membranes

, while achieving 95% lactose retention in model solutions. Moreover, the effect of pH conditions was analyzed, revealing that molecular interactions dictate the degree of demineralization. Finally, the designed membranes were tested at different pH conditions using real-life samples, demonstrating that at pH 2.1, 89% lactose retention is achieved with low salt retentions, even for multivalent ions.