Fleet electrification: Classification and research agenda from an operations management perspective

Fleet electrification is essential to decarbonizing transportation. However, commercial adoption, particularly in heavy-duty segments, remains limited and falls short of zero-emission targets. As the primary decision makers, fleet operators face complex trade-offs that place this transition squarely within the scope of operations management (OM). This review adopts an OM perspective to synthesize and classify the expanding literature on fleet electrification, drawing also from operations research (OR), transportation, and energy domains. The contributions of this review are threefold: (i) Literature synthesis: We identify key decision factors at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels, connecting them to relevant academic work and supporting them with recent data and practical examples. (ii) Practice-oriented insights: We extract lessons learned to inform decision making by fleet operators and related stakeholders. (iii) Research agenda: We propose open research questions across decision levels to guide future studies in the OM and OR communities.