LINE-1 retrotransposons: Multifaceted functions and regulatory mechanisms in health and disease

Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1), a prominent class of retrotransposons, is abundantly distributed throughout mammalian genomes and plays critical roles in development, aging, and disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted functions of LINE-1, with a focus on its regulatory impact on gene transcription and cellular responses across the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. We highlight recent advances in understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms controlling LINE-1 transcription. Furthermore, we explore the current challenges and future opportunities in LINE-1 research, emphasizing its potential as a novel therapeutic target. Continued investigation into LINE-1 biology holds promise for deepening our understanding of human health and disease.