Multiplex serological profiling reveals diverse avian and mammalian influenza A virus exposure in swine
Animal-origin influenza viruses pose significant pandemic threats, with swine serving as key hosts. Serological surveillance in pigs remains limited in regions with intense human-animal-avian contact. Between March 2020 and July 2022, we collected 4,069 pig serum samples in Cambodia, of which 1,321 (32.5%) were influenza A virus (IAV) seropositive by ELISA. We developed a multiplex microsphere immunoassay comprising a broad panel of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens. Seroprevalence was highest for pandemic H1N1/pdm09 (35.3-45.7%) and lower for classical swine H1 (16.4-17.7%) and European avian-like swine H1 (∼15%) lineages. Lineage-specific or shared exposures to multiple lineages were observed, indicating complex infection histories. H3 responses varied by clade, while antibodies to avian H5, H7, and H9 were detected in <8% of IAV-positive sera. These findings underscore the ongoing zoonotic risk posed by diverse IAVs circulating in pigs and highlight the need for integrated serological and genomic surveillance.
Authors
- Yvonne C. F. Su (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-9211)
- Marcus G. Mah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-7328)
- Seng Bunnary (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1574-5518)
- Arata Hidano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-5319)
- Gavin J. D. Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-468X)
- Hannah Holt
- Leangyi Heng
- James W. Rudge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-3820)
- Sothrya Tum
- Y Phalla
- Sovanncheypo Chao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4955-4680)
- Monidarin Chou
- Heidi Auerswald (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4717-7618)
- Michael Zeller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-6931)
- Dina Koeut (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9200-6710)
- Foong Ying Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5685-0504)
- Ty Chhay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-2407)
- Jurre Y. Siegers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0246-7830)
- William Leung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7363-0239)
- Kimrong Bun
- P. Cronin
- San Sorn
- Erik A. Karlsson
- Dolyce HW Low
- Rong Zhang
- Giselle GK Ng
- Jiayi Li
- Richard J. Webby
Institutions
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- University of Health Science (KH)
- Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (KH)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Duke-NUS Medical School (SG)
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (KH)
- Department of Livestock Development (TH)
Publication Details
- Journal
- iScience
- Published
- 2026-04-16
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115743
- Primary Topic
- Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Ministry of Health -Singapore
- National Institutes of Health
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency