The distribution of a rarely encountered stingray, <i>Megatrygon microps</i> , informed by citizen science: A systematic review

Abstract Many chondrichthyan fishes are experiencing alarming population declines primarily due to overfishing, exacerbated by their inherently vulnerable life history traits including slow growth rates and low fecundity. A critical requirement to addressing these population declines is acquiring sufficient data on these species and potentially threatening processes. This global study aimed to improve the poorly understood distribution and ecology of the smalleye stingray, Megatrygon microps . We combined distribution data from the existing literature with collected visual records from social media platforms and personal contributions. Visual records were further investigated to ascertain M. microps co‐occurrence with other species and physical markings. The study identified 27 available literature sources and 173 visual records with distribution information of M. microps . Visual records spanned 19 locations in 10 countries, including previously unreported locations in South Africa, Kenya, and Oman. Citizen science data revealed frequent associations of M. microps with pink whiprays ( Pateobatis fai ) and cobia ( Thynnus canadensis ). Evidence of tail damage and rostral deformities suggested threats from predation and fishing gear entanglement, respectively. This study significantly expands knowledge on M. microps distribution and highlights the value of citizen science for monitoring rare and elusive species. The observed ecological associations and threats warrant further investigation to inform conservation strategies. Continued citizen science engagement alongside more targeted research methods like telemetry, population genetics, feeding ecology, and habitat use is crucial for understanding the life history of M. microps and developing effective conservation measures.