Space-time evolution of particle emission in p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$$ TeV with 3D kaon femtoscopy

A bstract The measurement of three-dimensional femtoscopic correlations between identical charged kaons (K ± K ± ) produced in p–Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$$ TeV with ALICE at the LHC is presented for the first time. This measurement, supplementary to those in pp and Pb–Pb collisions, allows understanding the particle-production mechanisms at different charged-particle multiplicities and provides information on the dynamics of the source of particles created in p–Pb collisions, for which a general consensus does not yet exist. It is shown that the measured source sizes increase with charged-particle multiplicity and decrease with increasing pair transverse momentum. These trends for K ± K ± are similar to the ones observed earlier in identical charged-pion and $${\text{K}}_{\text{s}}^{0}{\text{K}}_{\text{s}}^{0}$$ correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at various energies and in π ± π ± correlations in p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$$ TeV. At comparable multiplicity, the source sizes measured in p–Pb collisions agree within uncertainties with those observed in pp collisions, and there is an indication that they are smaller than those observed in Pb–Pb collisions. The obtained results are also compared with predictions from the hadronic interaction model EPOS 3, which tends to underestimate the source size for the most central collisions and agrees with the data for semicentral and peripheral events. Furthermore, the time of maximal emission for kaons is extracted. It turns out to be comparable with the value obtained in highly peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at the same energy, indicating that the kaon emission evolution is similar to that in p–Pb collisions.

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Publication Details

Journal
Journal of High Energy Physics
Published
2026-04-15
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep04(2026)113
Primary Topic
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Type
article
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article

Space-time evolution of particle emission in p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$$ TeV with 3D kaon femtoscopy

K. Barth, N. Agrawal, I. G. Bearden, JH BAE et al.
Journal of High Energy Physics
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
article

Space-time evolution of particle emission in p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$$ TeV with 3D kaon femtoscopy

K. Barth, N. Agrawal, I. G. Bearden, JH BAE, A. Augustinus, C. Andrei, Y. W. Baek, S. Arcelli, A. Bhasin, I. Altsybeev, A. Andronic, M. Agnello, Bushra Ali, Mihaela Gabriela Besoiu, Jesús Ricardo Alvarado García, H. M. Alfanda, Z. Banoo, M. Arslandok, L. Betev, T. Alt, Partha Pratim Bhaduri, A. Akindinov, Yaroslav A. Berdnikov, E. Barreau, F. Antinori, C. Beattie, R. Bellwied, G. Batigne, F. Bellini, M. D. Azmi, I. Ahuja, G. Aglieri Rinella, L. S. Barnby, M. Al-Turany, Y. Bailung, A. Badalà, D. Behera, N. Apadula, V. Anguelov, S. Belokurova, L. G. E. Beltran, Jhoao Gabriel Martins Campos Almeida Arneiro, E. Bartsch, C. Arata, H. Appelshäuser, B. Alessandro, R. Averbeck, V. Akishina, G. Bencédi, N. Bastid, D. Battistini, A. Berdnikova, R. Arnaldi, A. Alici, A. D. C. Bell Hechavarria, Alberto Baldisseri, N. Alizadehvandchali, A. Alkin, L. Bergmann, Dmitry Averyanov, G. Alocco, I. Belikov, R. Bailhache, Z. Ahammed, Anna Rita Altamura, S. Beolè, N. Andreou, Luca Aglietta, Veronika Barbasová, P. Antonioli, D. Aleksandrov, I C Arsene, Banajit Barman, Valerie Ramillien Barret, B. Batyunya, F. Barile, J. Alme, G. G. Barnaföldi, M. Barlou, J. L. Bazo Alba, S. Basu, L. Aphecetche, A. Balbino, C. Bartels, S. U. Ahn, A. Bensaoula, B. Balis, P. Becht, L. Barioglio, R. Bala, D. Bauri, A. Agarwal, X. Bai, Y. A. V. Beltran, E. Andronov, H. Baba, S. Acharya, L. Barreto, R. Alfaro Molina
article en

Abstract

A bstract The measurement of three-dimensional femtoscopic correlations between identical charged kaons (K ± K ± ) produced in p–Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$$ TeV with ALICE at the LHC is presented for the first time. This measurement, supplementary to those in pp and Pb–Pb collisions, allows understanding the particle-production mechanisms at different charged-particle multiplicities and provides information on the dynamics of the source of particles created in p–Pb collisions, for which a general consensus does not yet exist. It is shown that the measured source sizes increase with charged-particle multiplicity and decrease with increasing pair transverse momentum. These trends for K ± K ± are similar to the ones observed earlier in identical charged-pion and $${\text{K}}_{\text{s}}^{0}{\text{K}}_{\text{s}}^{0}$$ correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at various energies and in π ± π ± correlations in p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$$ TeV. At comparable multiplicity, the source sizes measured in p–Pb collisions agree within uncertainties with those observed in pp collisions, and there is an indication that they are smaller than those observed in Pb–Pb collisions. The obtained results are also compared with predictions from the hadronic interaction model EPOS 3, which tends to underestimate the source size for the most central collisions and agrees with the data for semicentral and peripheral events. Furthermore, the time of maximal emission for kaons is extracted. It turns out to be comparable with the value obtained in highly peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at the same energy, indicating that the kaon emission evolution is similar to that in p–Pb collisions.

Journal of High Energy PhysicsVol. 2026(4)
Goethe University Frankfurt (DE), University of Copenhagen (DK), University of Science and Technology of China (CN), Jagiellonian University (PL), Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (IN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Gangneung–Wonju National University (KR), Gauhati University (IN), University of Jammu (IN), University of Liverpool (GB), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IN), GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (DE), Aligarh Muslim University (IN), University of Oslo (NO), Lund University (SE), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (MX), Université Clermont Auvergne (FR), Homi Bhabha National Institute (IN), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR), University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik (SK), University of Derby (GB), Heidelberg University (DE), University of Münster (DE), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR), Université Paris-Saclay (FR), Yale University (US), Central China Normal University (CN), Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (RO), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont Auvergne (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (IT), FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CZ), HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics (HU), IMT Atlantique (FR), CEA Paris-Saclay (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari (IT), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (FR), Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (BR), Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary (RO), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT), Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR), University of Bergen (NO), University of Houston (US), Technical University of Munich (DE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IN), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PE), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH), AGH University of Krakow (PL), Université de Strasbourg (FR), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (MX), The University of Tokyo (JP), Sungkyunkwan University (KR), Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KR), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX), Université Grenoble Alpes (FR), Nantes Université (FR)
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