Ultimate attainment in L2 semantics: Where and why do learners fail to achieve native-like knowledge of verb meaning?

'open the door'), which are valid in both languages. The results revealed that while NSs as a group rated L1-only collocations as unacceptable and L2-only collocations as acceptable, medium-LOR learners (3-7 years of residence) showed non-target-like patterns across the three collocation types. Long-LOR learners (more than 10 years) exhibited native-like judgments for L2-only collocations but continued to differ from NSs in their acceptance of L1-only collocations. Overall, these findings suggest that extended residence facilitates partial lexical-semantic integration in L2 achieved via positive evidence in the input, while persistent L1-mediated representations may constrain ultimate attainment in lexical-semantic development, which may persist due to a lack of negative evidence.