Public use of a generalist LLM chatbot for health queries

Abstract Here we analyse over 500,000 de-identified health-related conversations with Microsoft Copilot from January 2026 to characterize what people ask conversational artificial intelligence (AI) about health. We apply a hierarchical intent taxonomy of 12 primary categories using privacy-preserving large language model-based classification validated against expert human annotation and use topic clustering for prevalent themes within each intent. We then characterize the intents and topics behind health queries, identify who they are about, and analyse how usage varies by device and time of day. Nearly one in five conversations involves personal symptom assessment or condition discussion, and the dominant general information category is also concentrated on specific treatments and conditions, suggesting that this is a lower bound on personal health intent. One in seven of these personal health queries concerns someone other than the user, suggesting that conversational AI can also be a caregiving tool. Personal queries increase markedly in the evening and nighttime hours, when traditional healthcare is most limited. Usage diverges sharply by device: mobile concentrates on personal health concerns, while desktop is dominated by professional and academic work. A substantial share of queries focuses on navigating healthcare systems. These patterns have direct implications for platform-specific design, safety considerations and the responsible development of health AI.