Modular retrofitting: an innovative pathway to carbon-neutral futures in the built environment

Purpose This study investigates modular retrofitting as a transformative strategy for achieving carbon neutrality in the built environment. Given the construction sector's significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, there is an urgent need for scalable, cost-effective and minimally disruptive retrofitting approaches. Modular retrofitting presents an opportunity to accelerate the decarbonization of existing building stock while enhancing energy efficiency and operational performance. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to construction professionals, facility managers and sustainability consultants. The survey captured data on barriers and the perceived benefits of modular retrofitting. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and regression modelling, were applied to identify significant barriers and benefits of adopting modular retrofitting. Findings Results reveal that modular retrofitting significantly improves energy efficiency, reduces embodied carbon and shortens project timelines compared to conventional methods. Key barriers identified include high initial investment, limited technical expertise and regulatory uncertainty, while strong drivers include sustainability mandates, long-term cost savings and client demand for low-carbon solutions. Practical implications The study provides actionable insights for policymakers, construction firms and building owners to integrate modular retrofitting into carbon-neutral transition plans, highlighting the need for supportive regulations, skills development and financial incentives. Originality/value This paper examines the adoption of modular retrofitting within the context of carbon neutrality, empirically prioritizing its carbon-related benefits and adoption barriers.