Multivariate analysis and ADME profiling of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaf vs. stem extracts: Extraction method-driven bioactivity and pharmacokinetic implications

(35 mm inhibition zone at 100 mg/mL). In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) predictions linked the lipophilicity (WLogP 3.25-5.87) of these diterpenes to their antimicrobial potency. Multivariate analyses clustered extracts primarily by extraction method and secondarily by plant part. Overall, fractionating rosemary into stems and leaves is crucial, as stems provide enhanced antimicrobial activity. UAE of stems is optimal for topical applications, whereas SE and ME may be more suitable for oral delivery.