Optical properties, surface roughness, and bacterial adhesion of feldspathic CAD/CAM ceramic material after immersion in staining media with different pH

increased significantly, with the most significant mean increase observed in Black Shammah (6.93 ± 5.38; p = 0.001) and the smallest in Saudi coffee (1.19 ± 1.77; p = 0.040). Surface roughness varied among groups, ranging from 0.458 ± 0.04 (CodeRed) to 0.739 ± 0.03 µm (smokeless snuff). Bacterial adhesion was the highest in CodeRed (480.08 ± 40.77 CFUs) and lowest in normal saline (273.00 ± 42.29 CFUs; ANOVA, p < 0.001). Exposure to staining media significantly decreased translucency and increased opalescence, surface roughness, and bacterial adhesion in feldspathic CAD/CAM ceramic. Acidic solutions promoted greater Streptococcus mutans adhesion, while alkaline tobacco products caused the highest color change.