Microalgae-Based Probiotic Delivery Systems: Nutritional, Functional, and Synbiotic Potential – A Review

This review aims to evaluate current probiotic encapsulation strategies, with a particular focus on the potential of microalgae-based systems. It seeks to answer how microalgae can enhance probiotic viability during processing and gastrointestinal transit, and what advantages they offer over conventional encapsulation agents, thereby supporting the development of more effective, sustainable probiotic delivery solutions. Recent research highlights that microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris and Isochrysis galbana possess robust cell structures and bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants, which confer protection to probiotics and contribute beneficial prebiotic effects. Innovative approaches like synbiotic formulations, direct fermentation in microalgal biomass, and electrostatic self-assembly have demonstrated promising results in improving probiotic stability and functionality. Additionally, advancements in processing techniques and emerging regulatory frameworks are shaping the pathway toward commercial application. The examination reveals that microalgae-based encapsulation systems offer a sustainable, multifunctional platform for probiotic delivery, with benefits extending beyond protection to include nutritional and prebiotic contributions. These systems align with current trends in functional foods, vegan nutrition, and circular bioeconomy initiatives. The major conclusion emphasizes their potential to revolutionize probiotic formulations, though further research is needed to optimize their efficacy, scalability, and regulatory acceptance for future nutraceutical development.