In vitro comparative evaluation of disinfectant-loaded nanoparticles against biofilm-forming Vibrio spp. isolated from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

having the highest MIC values, followed by AgNPs-H₂O₂ and CuNPs-Virkon S. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values showed that AgNPs-H₂O₂ had the most consistent bactericidal activity in 85.4% of isolates tested (defined by MBC/MIC ≤ 4). A significant association was observed between MIC values and Vibrio species (p = 0.002). Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes revealed a high prevalence of sul, cat, and mphA, with V. alginolyticus exhibiting a broader resistance profile than V. fluvialis. These findings highlight the in vitro potential of nanotechnology-enhanced disinfectants, within the limitations of nanoparticle-only testing, as exploratory alternatives for controlling biofilm-associated Vibrio infections in aquaculture.