Triple threat: a review on nanoplastic ecotoxicity, pollutant co-exposures, and climate change in freshwater organisms
fish, respectively. Metals and pesticides were the most frequently studied co-stressors. Synergistic interactions emerged as particularly relevant, often linked to NP acting as pollutant vectors through Trojan horse-derived mechanism. Regarding CC, rising temperature was the most assessed variable, generally enhancing NP toxicity in freshwater organisms. Our findings highlight the complexity of realistic co-exposure scenarios and emphasize the need for ecotoxicological studies that address multiple stressors in a changing world.
Authors
- María Florencia Gutiérrez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2644-3339)
- Lidwina Bertrand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1966-278X)
- Analía Ale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2177-3833)
- Victoria S. Andrade
Institutions
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (AR)
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral (AR)
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (AR)
- Universidad Braulio Carrillo (CR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Published
- 2026-04-16
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1808330
- Primary Topic
- Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas