Physique development and management shape experiences of low energy availability risk in elite professional male rugby union players

This study aimed to explore elite male rugby union players’ perceptions and lived experiences of physique development and management in relation to low energy availability risk. Semi-structured interviews (29 ± 8 min) were conducted with 18 players (senior: n = 9; academy: n = 9; mean age: 23 ± 3) across four professional rugby union clubs in Ireland. Through reflexive thematic analysis, the following themes were constructed. Players had limited awareness of low energy availability, yet described experiences consistent with symptoms, including fatigue, low mood and reduced libido. A pervasive physique culture, characterised by body composition ‘ideals’ and weight or skinfold ‘norms’, strongly influenced behaviours and athlete identity. Adolescence was identified as a critical period of vulnerability, where pressures to achieve body composition targets were internalised as discipline but often fostered disordered eating behaviours and negative relationships with food. While some players acknowledged the benefits of professional nutrition support in reshaping harmful beliefs, many expressed frustration towards staff practices and language that reinforced physique expectations without clear performance justification. Elite male rugby union players appear to be an at risk population for low energy availability, with risks shaped less by individual choice than by entrenched cultural norms and staff influence. Early pathway interventions should prioritise one to one nutrition and psychological support, while organisations must ensure alignment in staff beliefs, language, and practices around body composition. Developing evidence informed policies and educational initiatives is essential to foster healthier physique cultures, reduce disordered eating behaviours, and mitigate low energy availability risk in elite rugby union.