Fluorine-free fabrication of durable superhydrophobic membranes for efficient oil–water separation

for carbon tetrachloride. Numerical simulations of velocity, concentration, and transport pathways further elucidate the mechanism of selective permeation. In addition, the fabrication strategy demonstrates strong versatility across multiple nonwoven substrates, all showing enhanced antifouling and self-cleaning performance. This work provides a scalable and cost-effective route for constructing durable superhydrophobic materials, offering practical potential for efficient oil-water separation in complex environments.