A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activity of Euphorbia Hirtaand Euphorbia Noriifolia.

Abstract: Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia neriifolia, two important members of the Euphorbiaceae family, have long been used in traditional medicine for the management of respiratory, gastrointestinal, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Both species are phytochemicallyrich, containing flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, and phenolics that contribute to a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. Comparative pharmacological investigations reveal that they share several common biological activities, notably antimicrobial,anti- inflammatory,antioxidant,analgesic,wound-healing,immunomodulatory, and anticancer properties. E. hirta is particularly valued for its use in asthma, diarrhea, and microbial infections, while E. neriifolia is employed in inflammation, skin disorders, and tumor management. Their antimicrobial efficacy has been demonstrated against Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as pathogenic fungi. Potent antioxidant activity, largely attributed to flavonoids and terpenoids, plays a crucial role in protecting against oxidative stress–related disorders. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties are linked to modulation of inflammatory mediators and pain pathways, while wound-healing and immunomodulatory effects highlight their contribution to tissue repair and immune defense. Moreover, both species show promising anticancer potential, with extracts displaying cytotoxicity against breast, cervical, and liver carcinoma cell lines. Despite these promising findings, limitations remain in terms of standardized clinical validation and toxicity profiling. Therefore, further research is essential to isolate bioactive lead compounds, elucidate molecular mechanisms, and develop advanced formulations, such as nanoparticle-based delivery systems, to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Collectively, E. hirta and E. neriifolia represent valuable medicinal resources that bridge traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological validation. Keywords: Euphorbiahirta, Euphorbianeriifolia,pharmacologicalactivity,phytochemicals, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer.