Age-Associated Differences in Paddock Locomotor Activity Among Senior Horses: A Pilot Observational Study

= 0.87). These findings suggest that brief paddock actimetry may help characterize between-horse heterogeneity and support group-level welfare monitoring. However, the present dataset does not allow robust inference about within-horse ageing trajectories or individual-level biological ageing. Larger multi-site cohorts with denser follow-up and external validation are needed before individual trajectories or clinical interpretation can be established.