Visual motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination in children with horizontal strabismus

AIM: To compare visual motor integration (VMI) in non-amblyopic children with and without horizontal strabismus. METHODS: VMI, visual perception, and motor coordination were evaluated in non-amblyopic children aged 6 to 17 years old using the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery-VMI), together with its supplementary Developmental Tests of Visual Perception and Motor Coordination. RESULTS: <0.001) compared with controls, even after adjustment for confounding variables including sex, age, regular sports participation, number of siblings, and stereopsis. CONCLUSION: Non-amblyopic children with horizontal strabismus demonstrate significantly poorer performance in Beery-VMI, visual perception, and motor coordination compared with children without strabismus.