Susceptibility of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) from Southern Thailand Livestock Farms to Household Larvicides and Adulticides

BACKGROUND: to commercial insecticides. METHODS: Laboratory colony and field population were tested against temephos larvicides, mosquito coils, and aerosol sprays following WHO protocols. Larvicidal efficacy and persistence were assessed in semifield conditions, while adult knockdown and mortality were measured in controlled assays. RESULTS: = 0.58 min laboratory, 1.37 min field). CONCLUSIONS: in livestock farm settings. However, rapid temephos degradation highlights the need for more frequent larvicide applications or the use of persistent formulations. Integrated approaches combining chemical and nonchemical interventions are recommended to optimize vector control and delay resistance development.